Date and Time Functions and Operators
Date and Time Operators
Operator | Example | Result |
---|---|---|
+ | date '2012-08-08' + interval '2' day | 2012-08-10 |
+ | time '01:00' + interval '3' hour | 04:00:00.000 |
+ | timestamp '2012-08-08 01:00' + interval '29' hour | 2012-08-09 06:00:00.000 |
+ | timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00' + interval '1' month | 2012-11-30 01:00:00.000 |
+ | interval '2' day + interval '3' hour | 2 03:00:00.000 |
+ | interval '3' year + interval '5' month | 3-5 |
- | date '2012-08-08' - interval '2' day | 2012-08-06 |
- | time '01:00' - interval '3' hour | 22:00:00.000 |
- | timestamp '2012-08-08 01:00' - interval '29' hour | 2012-08-06 20:00:00.000 |
- | timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00' - interval '1' month | 2012-09-30 01:00:00.000 |
- | interval '2' day - interval '3' hour | 1 21:00:00.000 |
- | interval '3' year - interval '5' month | 2-7 |
Time Zone Conversion
The AT TIME ZONE
operator sets the time zone of a timestamp:
SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC';
2012-10-31 01:00:00.000 UTC
SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles';
2012-10-30 18:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles
Date and Time Functions
current_date
Returns the current date as of the start of the query.
current_time
Returns the current time with time zone as of the start of the query.
current_timestamp
Returns the current timestamp with time zone as of the start of the query.
current_timezone
() -> varchar
Returns the current time zone in the format defined by IANA (e.g.,
America/Los_Angeles
) or as fixed offset from UTC (e.g., +08:35
)
date
(x) -> date
This is an alias for CAST(x AS date)
.
last_day_of_month
(x) -> date
Returns the last day of the month.
from_iso8601_timestamp
(string) -> timestamp with time zone
Parses the ISO 8601 formatted string
into a
timestamp with time zone
.
from_iso8601_date
(string) -> date
Parses the ISO 8601 formatted string
into a date
.
at_timezone
(timestamp, zone) -> timestamp with time zone
Change the time zone component of timestamp
to zone
while preserving
the instant in time.
with_timezone
(timestamp, zone) -> timestamp with time zone
Returns a timestamp with time zone from timestamp
and zone
.
from_unixtime
(unixtime) -> timestamp
Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime
as a timestamp. unixtime
is the
number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00
.
from_unixtime
(unixtime, zone) -> timestamp with time zone
Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime
as a timestamp with time zone
using zone
for the time zone. unixtime
is the number of seconds
since 1970-01-01 00:00:00
.
from_unixtime
(unixtime, hours, minutes) -> timestamp with time zone
Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime
as a timestamp with time zone
using hours
and minutes
for the time zone offset. unixtime
is the
number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00
.
localtime
Returns the current time as of the start of the query.
localtimestamp
Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query.
now
() -> timestamp with time zone
This is an alias for current_timestamp
.
to_iso8601
(x) -> varchar
Formats x
as an ISO 8601 string. x
can be date, timestamp, or timestamp with time zone.
to_milliseconds
(interval) -> bigint
Returns the day-to-second interval
as milliseconds.
to_unixtime
(timestamp) -> double
Returns timestamp
as a UNIX timestamp.
The following SQL-standard functions do not use parenthesis:
current_date
current_time
current_timestamp
localtime
localtimestamp
Truncation Function
The date_trunc
function supports the following units:
Unit | Example Truncated Value |
---|---|
second | 2001-08-22 03:04:05.000 |
minute | 2001-08-22 03:04:00.000 |
hour | 2001-08-22 03:00:00.000 |
day | 2001-08-22 00:00:00.000 |
week | 2001-08-20 00:00:00.000 |
month | 2001-08-01 00:00:00.000 |
quarter | 2001-07-01 00:00:00.000 |
year | 2001-01-01 00:00:00.000 |
The above examples use the timestamp 2001-08-22 03:04:05.321
as the
input.
date_trunc
(unit, x) -> [same as input]
Returns x
truncated to unit
.
Interval Functions
The functions in this section support the following interval units:
Unit Description
millisecond
Milliseconds
second
Seconds
minute
Minutes
hour
Hours
day
Days
week
Weeks
month
Months
quarter
Quarters of a year
year
Years
date_add
(unit, value, timestamp) -> [same as input]
Adds an interval value
of type unit
to timestamp
. Subtraction can
be performed by using a negative value:
SELECT date_add('second', 86, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00'); -- 2020-03-01 00:01:26.000
SELECT date_add('hour', 9, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00'); -- 2020-03-01 09:00:00.000
SELECT date_add('day', -1, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC'); -- 2020-02-29 00:00:00.000 UTC
date_diff
(unit, timestamp1, timestamp2) -> bigint
Returns timestamp2 - timestamp1
expressed in terms of unit
:
SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00'); -- 86400
SELECT date_diff('hour', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00 UTC'); -- 24
SELECT date_diff('day', DATE '2020-03-01', DATE '2020-03-02'); -- 1
Duration Function
The parse_duration
function supports the following units:
Unit | Description |
---|---|
ns | Nanoseconds |
us | Microseconds |
ms | Milliseconds |
s | Seconds |
m | Minutes |
h | Hours |
d | Days |
parse_duration
(string) -> interval
Parses string
of format value unit
into an interval, where value
is fractional number of unit
values:
SELECT parse_duration('42.8ms'); -- 0 00:00:00.043
SELECT parse_duration('3.81 d'); -- 3 19:26:24.000
SELECT parse_duration('5m'); -- 0 00:05:00.000
MySQL Date Functions
The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible
with the MySQL date_parse
and str_to_date
functions. The following
table, based on the MySQL manual, describes the format specifiers:
Specifier | Description |
---|---|
%a | Abbreviated weekday name (Sun .. Sat ) |
%b | Abbreviated month name (Jan .. Dec ) |
%c | Month, numeric (1 .. 12 )1 |
%D | Day of the month with English suffix (0th , 1st , 2nd , 3rd , ...) |
%d | Day of the month, numeric (01 .. 31 )2 |
%e | Day of the month, numeric (1 .. 31 )3 |
%f | Fraction of second (6 digits for printing: 000000 .. 999000 ; 1 - 9 digits for parsing: 0 .. 999999999 )4 |
%H | Hour (00 .. 23 ) |
%h | Hour (01 .. 12 ) |
%I | Hour (01 .. 12 ) |
%i | Minutes, numeric (00 .. 59 ) |
%j | Day of year (001 .. 366 ) |
%k | Hour (0 .. 23 ) |
%l | Hour (1 .. 12 ) |
%M | Month name (January .. December ) |
%m | Month, numeric (01 .. 12 )5 |
%p | AM or PM |
%r | Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss followed by AM or PM ) |
%S | Seconds (00 .. 59 ) |
%s | Seconds (00 .. 59 ) |
%T | Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss ) |
%U | Week (00 .. 53 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week |
%u | Week (00 .. 53 ), where Monday is the first day of the week |
%V | Week (01 .. 53 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week; used with %X |
%v | Week (01 .. 53 ), where Monday is the first day of the week; used with %x |
%W | Weekday name (Sunday .. Saturday ) |
%w | Day of the week (0 .. 6 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week6 |
%X | Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V |
%x | Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %v |
%Y | Year, numeric, four digits |
%y | Year, numeric (two digits)7 |
%% | A literal % character |
%x | x , for any x not listed above |
The following specifiers are not currently supported:
%D %U %u %V %w %X
date_format
(timestamp, format) -> varchar
Formats timestamp
as a string using format
.
date_parse
(string, format) -> timestamp
Parses string
into a timestamp using format
.
Java Date Functions
The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with JodaTime\'s DateTimeFormat pattern format.
format_datetime
(timestamp, format) -> varchar
Formats timestamp
as a string using format
.
parse_datetime
(string, format) -> timestamp with time zone
Parses string
into a timestamp with time zone using format
.
Extraction Function
The extract
function supports the following fields:
Field | Description |
---|---|
YEAR | year |
QUARTER | quarter |
MONTH | month |
WEEK | week |
DAY | day |
DAY_OF_MONTH | day |
DAY_OF_WEEK | day_of_week |
DOW | day_of_week |
DAY_OF_YEAR | day_of_year |
DOY | day_of_year |
YEAR_OF_WEEK | year_of_week |
YOW | year_of_week |
HOUR | hour |
MINUTE | minute |
SECOND | second |
TIMEZONE_HOUR | timezone_hour |
TIMEZONE_MINUTE | timezone_minute |
The types supported by the extract
function vary depending on the
field to be extracted. Most fields support all date and time types.
extract
(field FROM x) -> bigint
Returns field
from x
.
This SQL-standard function uses special syntax for specifying the arguments.
Convenience Extraction Functions
day
(x) -> bigint
Returns the day of the month from x
.
day_of_month
(x) -> bigint
This is an alias for day
.
day_of_week
(x) -> bigint
Returns the ISO day of the week from x
. The value ranges from 1
(Monday) to 7
(Sunday).
day_of_year
(x) -> bigint
Returns the day of the year from x
. The value ranges from 1
to 366
.
dow
(x) -> bigint
This is an alias for day_of_week
.
doy
(x) -> bigint
This is an alias for day_of_year
.
hour
(x) -> bigint
Returns the hour of the day from x
. The value ranges from 0
to 23
.
millisecond
(x) -> bigint
Returns the millisecond of the second from x
.
minute
(x) -> bigint
Returns the minute of the hour from x
.
month
(x) -> bigint
Returns the month of the year from x
.
quarter
(x) -> bigint
Returns the quarter of the year from x
. The value ranges from 1
to 4
.
second
(x) -> bigint
Returns the second of the minute from x
.
timezone_hour
(timestamp) -> bigint
Returns the hour of the time zone offset from timestamp
.
timezone_minute
(timestamp) -> bigint
Returns the minute of the time zone offset from timestamp
.
week
(x) -> bigint
Returns the ISO week of the year from x
. The value ranges from 1
to 53
.
week_of_year
(x) -> bigint
This is an alias for week
.
year
(x) -> bigint
Returns the year from x
.
year_of_week
(x) -> bigint
Returns the year of the ISO week from x
.
yow
(x) -> bigint
This is an alias for year_of_week
.
[1]:
This specifier does not support 0
as a month or day.
[2]:
This specifier does not support 0
as a month or day.
[3]:
This specifier does not support 0
as a month or day.
[4]:
Timestamp is truncated to milliseconds.
[5]:
This specifier does not support 0
as a month or day.
[6]:
This specifier is not supported yet. Consider using
day_of_week
(it uses 1-7
instead
of 0-6
).
[7]:
When parsing, two-digit year format assumes range 1970
..
2069
, so \"70\" will result in year 1970
but \"69\" will produce
2069
.